1.1 Overview
1.2 Research
1.3 Sustainability

2.1 Systems
2.2 Autopoiesis and Sympoiesis
2.3 Self-Organization and Complexity
2.4 Revisiting Poietic Systems

3.1 Existing Literature
3.2 Increased Human Complexity
3.3 Examples

4.1 Definitions of Planning
4.2 Planning Theory
4.3 Learning in Planning
4.4 Setting the Normative Direction: Sustainability
4.5 Planning as Part of Emergent Social Systems

5.1 Planning For Emergent Systems
5.2 Emergent Planning Systems

6.1 Highlights
6.2 Limitations = Possibilities
6.3 The Challenge

Figure 1.1 Sustainability - definitional continuum

Figure 2.1 Continuum of system definitions
Figure 2.2 Importance of relations among system components
Figure 2.3 Continuum of self-organizing systems
Figure 2.4 Illustration of poietic processes
Figure 2.5 States of balance in autopoietic and sympoietic systems
Figure 2.6 Evolution of complex systems
Figure 2.7 Magnetic field: a global influence generating pattern among iron rods
Figure 2.8 Interacting global-local influences creating emergent structure of rivers
Figure 2.9 Variation among local influences and resulting river patterns as different attractors
Figure 2.10 Generation of Bénard cells
Figure 2.11 Point of tension generating Benard cells
Figure 2.12 Point of tension generating Bénard cells
Figure 2.13 Point of tension generating leaf-area in plants

Figure 3.1 Human psyche as a self-organizing system
Figure 3.2 Poietic characteristics of human psyche
Figure 3.3 Structural coupling in human systems
Figure 3.4 Emergence of social systems through process of self-organization
Figure 3.5 Recursive interactions in social systems
Figure 3.6 Point of tension generating small group
Figure 3.7 Global-local interactions generating specific leader-group attractors
Figure 3.8 Key autopoietic-sympoietic characteristics of small groups - comparison of groupthink, 'expert'-driven task force and round-table (positions are approximate and relative)
Figure 3.9 Self-organizing factors generating science
Figure 3.10 Typology of approaches to science (Funtowicz and Ravetz 1992, 1993)
Figure 3.11 Along shore current and moraine forming sandspit at Point Pelee
Figure 3.12 Sediment deposition on Point Pelee
Figure 3.13 Components and processes of system forming marsh-peninsuala structure at Point Pelee
Figure 3.14 Point of tension generating peninsula-marsh structure
Figure 3.15 Social system elements influencing shoreline hazard management
Figure 3.16 Self-organizing factors generating shoreline hazard management
Figure 3.17 Key autopoietic-sympoietic characteristics of social system relevant to Point Pelee National Park

Figure 4.1 Planning: definitional continuum
Figure 4.2 Linkage between values and planning
Figure 4.3 Categories of planning theory
Figure 4.4 Poietic process in planning
Figure 4.5 Self-organization and evolution of planners
Figure 4.6 Misinterpretation of system type
Figure 4.7 Self-organizing factors generating Canadian National Park planning and policy

Figure 5.1 Planning a small group - interpreted through aspects of poietic systems
Figure 5.2 Point of tension generating peninsula-marsh structure
Figure 5.3 Point of tension among social influences affecting
Figure 5.4 Poietic characteristics of geophysical and social systems of concern to Point Pelee National Park
Figure 5.5 Global-local influences generating hardened shoreline indicating potential influence of national park management system
Figure 5.6 Problematic outcomes of rational-comprehensive planning - interpreted through aspects of poietic systems
Figure 5.7 Typology of approaches to planning
Figure 5.8 Integrated conceptual map for matching system type and approach
Figure 5.9 Pattern of organization for National Park planning system
Figure 5.10 Arnstein's ladder of participation illustrating autopoietic and sympoietic characteristics
Figure 5.11 Parallel continua relevant to public involvement using autopoietic-sympoietic interpretations

Table 2.1 Comparison of poietic system characteristics
Table 2.2 Causality and Organization (Campbell 1985, p 155)

Table 4.1 Comparison of different types of systems thinking

Table 5.1 Social system elements influenced by Parks Canada
Table 5.1 Ranking criteria for prioritizing management concerns for Point Pelee National Park (from Parks Canada 1991, p 156)
Table 5.2 Basic structure of the Ecosystem Conservation Plan for Georgian Bay Islands National Park (from Nelson and Skibicki 1997, p 59)

Box 1.1 Sustainability Definitions
Box 1.2 Pro-Growth Perspectives on Sustainability

Box 2.1 Autopoiesis = Living?
Box 2.2 Identification key for autopoietic systems
Box 2.3 Information: definitional issues
Box 2.4 Trajectory: definitional issues
Box 2.5 Equilibrium: definitional issues
Box 2.6 Gestalt: balanced ® balancing nature
Box 2.7 Selected works on self-organization
Box 2.8 Self-organizing system typologies from the existing literature
Box 2.9 Concepts similar to sympoiesis described in the existing literature

Box 3.1 Social Influences on individual behaviour (from Cialdini 1993)
Box 3.2 Paradigm: definitional issues

Box 5.1 Developing Land Use Plan Scenarios: Some Planning Tips
Box 5.2 Basic processes of the civics model