Cited References

Agee, J. K. 1996 Ecosystem Management: An Appropriate Concept for Parks? in National Parks and Protected Areas: Their role in environmental protection, R. G. Wright, ed., Blackwell Science Publishers

Alexander, Ernest R. 1984 After Rationality, What? A Review of Responses to Paradigm Breakdown American Planning Association Journal 50(1): 62-69

Alexander, Ernest R. 1992 Approaches to Planning Gordon and Breach Science Publishers

Allen, P. M. 1982 Self-Organization in the Urban System in Self-Organization and Dissipative Structures, W. C. Schieve and P. M. Allen eds., University of Texas Press

Allen, Peter, M. 1994 Coherence, chaos and evolution in the social context Futures 26(6): 583-597

Allen, T. F. H. and Hoekstra, T. W. 1992 Toward a Unified Ecology Columbia University Press

Allen, T. F. H., B. L. Bandurski, and A. W. King 1993 The Ecosystem Approach: theory and ecosystem integrity International Joint Commission (Report on the Great Lakes Science Advisory Board)

Andrew, A. M. 1989 The paradigm of self-organizing systems in The Paradigm of Self-Organization, G. J. Dalenoort, ed., Gordon and Breach

Argyris, C. and D. Schon 1996 Organizational Learning II: theory, method and practice Jossey-Bass, San Francisco

Arnstein, S. R. 1969 A Ladder of Citizen Participation American Institute of Planners Journal July: 216-224

Ayres, Robert U. 1995 Economic growth: politically necessary but not environmentally friendly Ecological Economics 15: 97-99

Barker, L. L., K. J. Wahlers and K. W. Watson 1995 Groups in Process: An Introduction to Small Group Communication Allyn and Bacon (5th ed.)

Barrett, Frank J. 1995 Creating Appreciative Learning Cultures Organizational Design 24(2): 36-49

Battin, J. G. and J. G. Nelson 1978 Man's Impact on Point Pelee National Park National and Provincial Parks Association of Canada, Toronto

Baum, Howell S. 1997 Social Science, Social Work, and Surgery Journal of the American Planning Association 63(2): 179-188

BCRTEE (B.C. Round Table on Environment and Economy) 1991 Reaching Agreement: Consensus Processes in British Columbia B.C. Round Table on Environment and Economy

Beauregard, Robert A. 1995 Edge Critics (Teaching Planning Theory Symposium) Journal of Planning Education and Research 14: 163-6

Bednarz, John, Jr. 1988 Autopoiesis: the Organizational Closure of Social Systems Systems Research 5(1): 57-64

Beer, Stafford 1980 Preface in Autopoiesis: The Organization of the Living, H. R. Maturana and F. Varela, D. Reidel Publishing Co.

Beer, Stafford 1991 Reflections of a Cybernetician on the Practice of Planning Kybernetes 20(6): 8-13

Bella, David A. 1997 Organizational Systems and the Burden of Proof in Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems, D. J. Stouder et al., eds.

Bird, Elizabeth Ann R. 1987 The Social Construction of Nature: Theoretical Approaches to the History of Environmental Problems Environmental Review 11(4): 255-64

Bolan, R. S. 1996 Planning and Institutional Design in Explorations in Planning Theory, S. J. Mandlebaum, L. Mazza, and R. W. Burchell, eds., Center for Urban Policy Research

Bolsenga, S. J. and C. E. Herdendorf 1993 Lake Erie and Lake St. Clair Handbook Wayne State University Press

Bontekoe, Ronald 1996 Dimensions of the Hermeneutic Circle Humanities Press, New Jersey

Boulding, K. E. 1957 General Systems Theory - The Skeleton of Science Management Science 2(3): 197-208

Brooks, M. P. 1993 A Plethora of Paradigms? American Planning Association Journal 59(2): 142-145

Bowers, C.A. 1993 Education, Cultural Myths and the Ecological Crisis - Towards Deep Changes State University of New York Press

Brown, Daryl W. 1996 Strategic Land Use Planning Source Book Commission on Resources and Environment, Victoria, B.C.

Brown, L. R. 1997 State of the World - 1997 Worldwatch Institute

Brunton, J. and M. Howlett 1992 Differences of opinion: Round Tables, policy networks, and the failure of Canadian environmental strategy Alternatives 19(1): 25-28, 31-33

Buckley, W. 1972 Society as a complex adaptive system in System Behaviour, J. Beishon and B. Peters, eds., Open University Press

Bunge, Mario 1983 Epistemology and Methodology I: Exploring the World D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland

Burghgraeve, Paula 1992 Mechanistic Explanations and Structure-Determined Systems: Maturana and the Human Sciences in New Perspective on Cybernetics, G. Van de Vijver, ed.

Campbell, Jeremy 1982 Grammatical Man: Information, Entropy, Language, and Life Touchstone

Campbell, John H. 1985 An Organizational Interpretation of Evolution in Evolution at a Crossroads: The New Biology and the New Philosophy of Science, D. J. Depew and B. H. Weber, eds., MIT Press

Canadian Heritage, Parks Canada 1996 Georgian Bay Islands National Park Management Plan: People and Nature, a Shared Heritage Draft, Parks Canada

Canadian Parks Service 1991 Fundy National Park Management Plan Environment Canada, Parks Service

Capra, Fritjof 1996 The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living Systems Anchor Books

Carneiro, R. L. 1982 Successive Reequilibriation as the Mechanism of Cultural Evolution in Self-Organization and Dissipative Structures, W. C. Schieve and P. M. Allen eds., University of Texas Press

Casti, J. L. 1994 Complexification: Explaining a Paradoxical World through the Science of Surprise Harper Perennial

Checkland, Peter 1986 Systems Thinking, Systems Practice John Wiley, Chichester

Checkland, P. B. and J. Scholes 1990 Soft Systems Methodology in Action John Wiley, Chichester

Christensen, Karen S. 1985 Coping with Uncertainty in Planning American Planning Association Journal 51:63-73

Christensen, Norman L. 1988 Succession and Natural Disturbance: Paradigms, Problems and Preservation of Natural Ecosystems in Ecosystem Management for Parks and Wilderness, J. K. Agee and D. R. Johnson eds., University of Washington Press

Cialdini, Robert B. 1993 Influence: Science and Practice Harper Collins College Publishers (3rd ed.)

Common, Michael 1995 Economists don't read Science Ecological Economics 15: 101-103

Conrad, M. 1983 Adaptability: the significance of variability from molecule to ecosystem Plenum Press, New York

Conrad, M. 1993 Adaptability Theory as a Guide for Interfacing Computers and Human Society Systems Research 10(4): 3-23

CORE (Commission On Resources and Environment) 1992 Shared Decision-Making for British Columbia (Orientation Materials) CORE

CORE (Commission on Resources and Environment) 1994 Finding Common Ground: A Shared Vision For Land Use in British Columbia CORE

Costanza, R. 1992 Toward An Operational Definition of Ecosystem Health in Ecosystem Health, R. Costanza, B. G. Norton, and B. D. Haskell, eds., Island Press

Costanza, R., ed. 1995 Forum: Economic growth, carrying capacity, and the environment Ecological Economics 15: 89-147

Costanza, R. and C. Folke 1996 The Structure and Function of Ecological Systems in Relation to Property-Rights Regimes in Rights to Nature, S.S. Hanna, C. Folke, K-G. Maler, eds., Island Press

Costanza, R. and B.C. Patten 1995 Defining and predicting sustainability Ecological Economics 15: 193-196

Cramer, Friedrich 1993 Chaos and Order: The Complex Structure of Living Systems VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim

Creswell, John W. 1994 Research Design: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Sage

Crossan, M. M., H. W. Lane, R. E. White and L. Klus 1996 The Improvising Organization: Where Planning Meets Opportunity Organizational Design 24(4): 20-35

Csanyi, V. 1989 The replicative model of self-organization: A general theory of evolution in The Paradigm of Self-Organization, G. J. Dalenoort, ed., Gordon and Breach

Dakin, Susan 1996 Communications Strategy Report - Georgian Bay Islands National Park Ecosystem Conservation Plan Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo

Dalenoort, G. L. 1989a Mechanisms of Self-Organization in The Paradigm of Self-Organization, Dalenoort, ed., Gordon and Breach

Dalenoort, G. J., ed. 1989b The Paradigm of Self-Organization: Current Trends in Self-Organization Gordon and Breach, New York

Daly, Herman E. 1994 Introduction to Essays Toward a Steady-State Economy in Valuing the Earth: Economics, Ecology and Ethics, H. E. Daly and K. N. Townsend, eds., MIT Press

Davidoff, P. 1965 Advocacy and pluralism in planning American Institute of Planners Journal 31:331-8

Dawkins, Richard 1976 The Selfish Gene Oxford University Press, Oxford

de Greene, K. B. 1994 The Challenge To Policymaking of Large-Scale Systems: Evolution, Instability and Structural Change Journal of Theoretical Politics 6(2): 161-188

Dearden, P. and R. Rollins 1993 The Times They Are A-Changin' in Parks and Protected Areas in Canada, P. Dearden and R. Rollins, eds., Oxford University Press

Deimer, J. A. and R. C. Alvarez 1995 Sustainable Community, Sustainable Forestry: A Participatory Model Journal of Forestry 93(11): 10-14

Demeritt, David 1994 Ecology, objectivity and critique in writings on nature and human societies Journal of Historical Geography 20 (1): 22-37

Dempster, B. 1995 System Stability and Implications for Sustainability B.Sc. Thesis, University of British Columbia, Faculty of Forestry

Dempster, B. 1996 Self-Organizing Systems, Post-Normal Science and Adaptive Assessments: Conceptual Links for Practical Application presented at International Society for Ecological Economics Biennial Conference, August 1996, Boston

Dempster, B. 1997 Conceptualizing Complex Systems: A methodology for characterizing systems relevant to the planning and management of parks and protected areas Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo

Dixon, J. A., and L. A. Fallon 1989 The concept of sustainability: origins, extensions and usefulness for policy Society and Natural Resources 2: 73-84

Dorfman, M. L. 1991 Public Participation in Municipal Planning Policy Development Report to Municipal Planning Policy Branch, Ontario Ministry of Municipal Affairs

Doubleday, Nancy C. 1993 Finding Common Ground: Natural Law and Collective Wisdom in Traditional Ecological Knowledge, J. T. Inglis, ed., International Development Resource Centre

Dovers, S. R. and J. W. Handmer 1992 Uncertainty, sustainability and change Global Environmental Change 2(1): 262-276

Eagles, P. F. J. 1993 Parks Legislation in Canada in Parks and Protected Areas in Canada, P. Dearden and R. Rollins, eds., Oxford University Press

Eidsvik, H. K. 1964 Planning New National Parks in Canada: A Case History University of Michigan, Thesis for Master of Forestry

Eigen, M. and P. Schuster 1979 The Hypercycle: A Principle of Natural Self-Organization Springer Verlag, Berlin

Eriksson, K.-E. 1986 Self-Organization and Information Theory in Disequilibrium and Self-Organisation, C. W. Kilmister, ed., D. Reidel Publishing Co.

Eriksson, K. E., K. Lindgren and B. A. Mansson 1987 Structure, Context, Complexity, Organization World Scientific, Singapore

Etzioni, A. 1967 Mixed-scanning: A "third" approach to decision-making Public Administration Review 27:385-92

Faludi, A. 1973 What is Planning Theory? - Introduction in A Reader in Planning Theory, A. Faludi, ed., Pergammon Press

Fautin, D. G. 1995 Sustainability - More Than A Buzz-Word? [Preface] Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26

Feeny, D., S. Hanna and A. F. McEnvoy 1996 Questioning the Assumptions of the "Tragedy of the Commons" Model of Fisheries Land Economics 72(2): 187-205

Fleishaker, Gail F. 1992 Special Issue on Autopoiesis International Journal of General Systems 21(2)

Flood, R. L. 1993 Practicing Freedom in Systems Science, A. Stowell, D. West and J. G. Howell, eds., Plenum Press

Flood, R. L. and N. R. A. Romm, eds. 1996 Critical Systems Thinking: Current Research and Practice Plenum Press

Forester, John 1989 Planning in the Face of Power University of California Press

Fox, Warwick 1990 Toward a transpersonal ecology: developing new foundations for environmentalism Shambhala, Boston

Friedmann, John 1973 Retracking America Anchor Press/Doubleday, New York

Friedmann, John 1987 Planning in the Public Domain: From Knowledge to Action Princeton University Press

Friedmann, John 1993 Toward a Non-Euclidean Mode of Planning American Planning Association Journal 59(4): 482-486

Friedmann, John 1995 Teaching Planning Theory (Symposium) Journal of Planning Education and Research 14: 156-162

Friedmann, John 1996 Two Centuries of Planning Theory: An Overview in Explorations in Planning Theory, S. J. Mandlebaum, L. Mazza, and R. W. Burchell, eds., Center for Urban Policy Research

Fritz, Robert 1989 The Path of Least Resistance: Learning to Become the Creative Force in Your Own Life Fawcett Columbine

Funtowicz, S. O. and J. R. Ravetz 1990 Uncertainty and Quality in Science for Policy Kluwer Academic Publishers

Funtowicz, S. O. and J. R. Ravetz 1992 Three Types of Risk Assessment and the Emergence of Post Normal Science in Social Theories of Risk, S. Krimsky and D. Golding, eds., Praeger

Funtowicz, S. O. and J. R. Ravetz 1993 Science for the post-normal age Futures 25(7): 739-755

Funtowicz, S. O. and J. R. Ravetz 1994 Emergent Complex Systems Futures 26(6): 568-82

Gadgil, M. and F. Berkes 1991 Traditional resource management systems Resource Management and Optimization 8(3-4): 127-141

Galindo-Leal, C. and F. L. Bunnell 1995 Ecosystem management: Implications and opportunities of a new paradigm Forestry Chronicle 71(5): 601-606

Galloway, T. D. and R. G. Mahayni 1977 Planning theory in retrospect: The process of paradigm change American Institute of Planners Journal 34(62-71)

Gell-Mann, Murray 1994 The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex W. H. Freeman and Company, New York

Geyer, F. and J. van der Zouwen 1986 Sociocybernetic Paradoxes: Observation, Control and Evolution of Self-steering Systems Sage

Geyer, F. and J. van der Zouwen 1991 Cybernetics and Social Science: Theories and Research in Sociocybernetics Kybernetes 20(6): 81-92

Gilbert, G. N. 1996 Holism, Individualism and Emergent Properties in Modeling and Simulation in the Social Sciences from the Philosophy of Science Point of View, R. Hegselmann, U. Mueller, K. Troitzsch, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers

Gleick, J. 1987 Chaos Penguin

Golley, Frank B. 1993 History of the Ecosystem concept in ecology: more that the sum of the parts Yale University Press, New Haven

Guba, E. G. 1990 The Alternative Paradigm Dialog in The Paradigm Dialog, E. G. Guba, ed., Sage

Gunderson, L. H., C. S. Holling and S. S. Light, eds. 1995 Barriers and Bridges to the Renewal of Ecosystems and Institutions Columbia University Press

Guntenspergen, G. 1985 Discussion Regarding Vegetation Dynamics, Buried Seeds and Water Level Fluctuations in Coastal Wetlands, H. H. Prince and F. M. D'Itri, eds., Lewis Publishers

Gunther, F. and C. Folke 1993 Characteristics of Nested Living Systems Biological Systems 1(3): 257-274

Haken, H. 1983 Synergetics: An Introduction Springer-Verlag

Hales, D. 1989 Changing Concepts of National Parks in Conservation for the Twenty-First Century, D. Western and M. C. Pearl, eds., Oxford University Press

Hanna, S. and S. Jentoft 1996 Human Use of the Natural Environment: An Overview of Social and Economic Dimensions in Rights to Nature, S.S. Hanna, C. Folke, K-G. Maler, eds., Island Press

Hardin, G. 1968 The tragedy of the commons Science 162: 1243-1248

Haydon, R. J. 1997 A Look at How We Look at What is "Natural" Natural Area News 2(1): 2-5

Hempel. L. C. 1996 Environmental Governance Island Press

Hendler, S. 1995 Ethical Theory and Planning Theory - Introduction in Planning Ethics: A Reader In Planning Theory, Practice and Education, S. Hendler, ed., Center for Urban Policy Research

Hennessey, Timothy M. 1994 Governance and Adaptive Management for Estuarine Ecosystems: The Case of Chesapeake Bay Coastal Management 22: 119-145

Herdendorf, C.E. 1992 Lake Erie Coastal Wetlands: an Overview Journal of Great Lakes Research 18(4): 532-549

Ho, M. W. and P. T. Saunders 1986 Evolution: Natural Selection or Self-Organization? in Disequilibrium and Self-Organisation, C. W. Kilmister, ed., D. Reidel Publishing Co.

Holland, J. H. 1992 Complex adaptive systems Daedalus 17-30

Hollick, Malcom 1993 Self-Organizing Systems and Environmental Management Environmental Management 17(5): 621-628

Holling, C. S. 1977 Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (Wiley)

Holling, C. S. 1995 What Barriers? What Bridges? in Barriers and Bridges to the Renewal of Ecosystems and Institutions Gunderson, L. H., C. S. Holling and S. S. Light, eds., Columbia University Press

Holling, C. S. and S. Sanderson 1996 Dynamics of (Dis)harmony in Ecological and Social Systems in Rights to Nature, S. S. Hanna, C. Folke, K-G. Maler, eds., Island Press

Hudson, B. 1979 Comparison of current planning theories: counterparts and contradictions Journal of the American Planning Association 45(4): 387-398

Hwang, S. W. 1996 The Implications of the Nonlinear Paradigm for Integrated Environmental Design and Planning Journal of Planning Literature 11(2): 167-180

Iberall, A. S. 1987 On Rivers in Self-Organizing Systems: The Emergence of Order, F. E. Yates, ed., Plenum Press

Iberall, A. S. and H. Soodak 1987 A Physics for Complex Systems Self-Organizing Systems: The Emergence of Order, F. E. Yates, ed., Plenum Press

Inglis, J. T. ed. 1993 Traditional Ecological Knowledge: Concepts and Cases International Development Research Centre

Jacobs, H. M. 1995 Contemporary Environmental Philosophy and Its Challenge to Planning Theory in Planning Ethics: A Reader In Planning Theory, Practice and Education, S. Hendler ed., Center for Urban Policy Research

James, Elijah M. 1991 Micro-economics: A problem solving approach Prentice-Hall Canada, Scarborough (2nd ed.)

Janis, I. L. 1982 Groupthink: Psychological studies of policy, decisions, and fiascoes Houghton Mifflin, Boston

Jantsch, Erich 1979 The Self-Organizing Universe: Scientific and Human Implications of the Emerging Paradigm of Evolution Pergamon Press, Oxford

Jantsch, Erich 1980 The Unifying Paradigm Behind Autopoiesis, Dissipative Structures, Hyper- and Ultracycles in Autopoiesis, Dissipative Structures, and Spontaneous Social Orders, M. Zeleny, ed., Westview Press

Jantzen, D. H. 1986 The Eternal External Threat in Conservation Biology, M. E. Soule, ed., Sinauer

Jick, Todd D. 1995 Accelerating Change for Competitive Advantage Organizational Dynamics 24(1): 77-82

Johnstone 1986 The Creative Imperative

Johnson, P. J. and P. N. Duinker 1993 Beyond Dispute: Collaborative Approaches to Resolving Natural Resource and Environmental Conflicts Lakehead University, School of Forestry

Jones, Alice 1996 The Psychology of Sustainability: What Planners Can Learn from Attitude Research Journal of Planning Education and Research 16(1): 56-65

Jope, K. L. and J. C. Dunstan 1996 Ecosystem Management: An Appropriate Concept for Parks? in National Parks and Protected Areas: Their role in environmental protection, R. G. Wright, ed., Blackwell Science

Jordan, N. 1969 Some Thinking about 'System' in Themes in Speculative Psychology, London, Tavistock

Karr, James R. 1992 Ecological Integrity: Protecting Earth's Life Support Systems in Ecosystem Health, R. Costanza, B. G. Norton and B. D. Haskell, eds., Island Press

Kast, F. E., and J. E. Rosenzweig 1972 The modern view: a systems approach in Systems Behaviour Open University Press, London

Kauffman, S. 1993 The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution Oxford

Kay. J. J. 1984 Self-Organization and the Thermodynamics of Living Systems: A Paradigm Ph. D. Thesis, Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario

Kay, J. J. 1991 A Nonequilibrium Thermodynamic Framework for Discussing Ecosystem Integrity Environmental Management 15(4): 483-495

Kay, J. J. and E. Schneider 1994 Embracing Complexity: The Challenge of the Ecosystem Approach Alternatives 20(3): 33-39

Keddy, P. A. and A. A. Reznicek 1985 Vegetation Dynamics, Buried Seeds, and Water Level Fluctuations on the Shorelines of the Great Lakes in Coastal Wetlands, H. H. Prince and F. M. D'Itri, eds., Lewis Press

Kelly, Kevin 1994 Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World Addison Wesley

Kickert, Walter J. M. 1993 Autopoiesis and the Science of (Public) Administration: Essence, Sense and Nonsense Organization Studies 14(2): 261-278

Kilmister, C. W. 1986 The Mathematics Needed for Self-Organisation in Disequilibrium and Self-Organisation, C. W. Kilmister, ed., D. Reidel Publishing Co.

Kimmins, J. P. 1987 Forest Ecology Macmillan Publishing, New York

Koestler, A. 1978 Janus: A Summing Up Hutchinson

Kreutzwiser 1993 Shoreline Hazard Management and Land Use Planning: The Need for Integration and Coordination in Lake Erie Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health, Working Paper 8, Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo

Krippendorff, K. 1987 Paradigms for Communication and Development with Emphasis on Autopoiesis in Communication Theory: Eastern and Western Perspectives, Kincaid, D. L., ed., Academic Press

Kuhn, Thomas S. 1970 The Structure of Scientific Revolutions University of Chicago Press

Lakatos, I. and A. Musgrave 1970 Criticism and the Growth of Knowledge Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Langton, C. G. 1992 Adaptation to the edge of chaos in Artificial Life II: A Proceedings Volume in the Sante Fe Institute Studies in the Science of Complexity, Langton et al., eds.

Larson, C. E. and F. M. J. LaFasto 1989 Teamwork: what must go right, what can go wrong Sage Publications, Newbury Park

Lather, P. A. 1990 Reinscribing Otherwise: The Play of Values in the Practices of the Human Sciences in The Paradigm Dialog, E. Guba, ed., Sage

Law, N. and J. H. Hartig 1993 Public Participation in Great Lakes Remedial Action Plans Plan Canada March: 31-35

Lee, Kai N. 1993 Compass and Gyroscope: Integrating Science and Politics for the Environment Island Press

Leifer, R. 1989 Understanding organizational transformation using a dissipative structure model Human Relations 42(10): 899-916

Leopold, Aldo 1966 A Sand County Almanac with Essays on Conservation from Round River Ballentine Books (original 1949)

Lewin, Roger 1992 Complexity: Life at the Edge of Chaos MacMillan

Lindblom, Charles E. 1959 The Science of Muddling Through Public Administration Review 19(2): 79-99

Lo Presti, A. 1996 Future Research and Complexity: A critical analysis from the perspective of social science Futures 28(10): 891-902

Lothian, W. F. 1987 A Brief History of Canada's National Parks Environment Canada

Luhmann, Niklas 1986 The Autopoiesis of Social Systems in Sociocybernetic Paradoxes, F. Geyer and J. van der Zouwen, eds., Sage

Luhmann, Niklas 1989 Ecological Communication (Translated by John Bednarz, Jr.) University of Chicago Press

Luhmann, Niklas 1997 Limits of Steering Theory, Culture and Society 14(1): 41-57

Mainzer, Klaus 1994 Thinking in Complexity: The Complex Dynamics of Matter, Mind, and Mankind Springer-Verlag

Mandlebaum, S. J. 1993 The Field as Educator American Planning Association Journal 59(2): 140-142

Mandlebaum, S. J., L. Mazza, and R. W. Burchell, eds. 1996 Explorations in Planning Theory Center for Urban Policy Research

Maturana, H. R. 1980 Man and Society in Autopoiesis, Communication and Society, F. Benseler, P. M. Hejl and W. K. Kock, eds., Campus, Frankfurt

Maturana, H. R. and F. Varela 1980 Autopoiesis and Cognition: the Realization of the Living D. Reidel Publishing Company

McClendon, B. W. 1993 The Paradigm of Empowerment American Planning Association Journal 59(2): 145-147

McKibben, Bill 1989 The End of Nature Anchor Books

McNamee, Kevin 1993 From Wild Places to Endangered Spaces: A History of Canada's National Parks in Parks and Protected Areas in Canada, P. Dearden and R. Rollins, eds., Oxford University Press

McNamee, Kevin 1996 Accelerating and Enhancing Our Efforts to Protect National Heritage Environments 24 (1): 35-38

Midgley, G. 1996 The Ideal of Unity and the Practice of Pluralism in Systems Science in Critical Systems Thinking, R. F. Flood and N. R. A. Romm, eds., Plenum Press

Midgley, Gerald 1994 Ecology and the Poverty of Humanism: a Critical Systems Perspective Systems Research 11(4): 67-76

Miller, K., Johnson, N. and M. Miranda 1996 Bioregional Management - Implementing Goals in Practice Presented at IUCN World Conservation Congress, Montreal

Mingers. J. 1995 Self-Producing Systems: Implications and Applications of Autopoiesis Plenum Press

Mintzberg, H. and F. Westley 1992 Cycles of Organizational Change Strategic Management Journal 13: 39-59

Mladenoff, White, Pastor and Crow 1993 Comparing Spatial Pattern in Unaltered Old-Growth and Disturbed Forest Landscapes Ecological Applications 3(2): 294-306

Moore Milroy, B. 1991 Into postmodern weightlessness Journal of Planning Education and Research 10(3): 181-212

Morley, David 1986 Approaches to Planning in Turbulent Environments in Planning in Turbulence, D. Morely and A. Shachar, eds., Magnes Press, Hebrew University

Morgan, G. 1983 Research as Engagement: A Personal View in Beyond Method, G. Morgan, ed., Sage

Motloch, J. L. and T. Woodfin 1993 General Systems Theory, Cultural Change, and A Human Science Foundation for Planning and Design Systems Research 10(2):3-25

Myers, David G. 1993 Social Psychology McGraw-Hill, New York (4th ed.)

Nagel 1961 The Structure of Science: problems in the logic of scientific explanation Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., New York

National and Historic Parks Branch 1970 Forillon National Park Provisional Master Plan National and Historic Parks Branch, Dept. Indian Affairs and Northern Development

National and Historic Parks Branch 1970 Fundy National Park Provisional Master Plan National and Historic Parks Branch, Dept. Indian Affairs and Northern Development

National and Historic Parks Branch 1970 Prince Albert National Park Provisional Master Plan National and Historic Parks Branch, Dept. Indian Affairs and Northern Development

National and Historic Parks Branch 1972 Point Pelee National Park Master Plan National and Historic Parks Branch

Nelson, J. G. 1987 National Parks and Protected Areas, National Conservation Strategies and Sustainable Development Geoforum 18: 291-319

Nelson, J. G. 1993a Beyond Parks and Protected Areas: From Public Lands and Private Stewardship to Landscape Planning and Management in Parks and Protected Areas in Canada, P. Dearden and R. Rollins, eds., Oxford University Press

Nelson, J. G. 1993b Towards a Sense of Civics: Sustainable Development, the Universities and Provincial Renewal Council of Ontario Universities, Universities and Provincial Renewal Conference

Nelson, J. G. and R. Serafin 1993 Improving Monitoring and Assessment for Environmental Decision-Making in Public Issues: A Geographical Perspective, J. Audrey and J. G. Nelson, eds. University of Waterloo Publication

Nelson, J. G. and R. Serafin 1996 Environmental and Resource Planning and Decision Making in Canada: A Human Ecological and a Civics Approach in Canada in Transition: Results of Environmental and Human Geographical Research, R. Vogelsang ed.

Nelson J. G., and A. Skibicki 1997 Georgian Bay Islands National Park Ecosystem Conservation Plan Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo

Nelson, R. H. 1995 Sustainability, Efficiency and God: Economic Values and the Sustainability Debate Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 26: 135-54

Nicolis, G. and I. Prigogine 1977 Self-organization in non-equilibrium systems John Wiley and Sons, New York

Nicolis, G. and I. Prigogine 1989 Exploring Complexity W. H. Freeman, New York

Norton, Bryan 1992 Sustainability, Human Welfare, and Ecosystem Health Environmental Values 1(1992): 97-111

Noss, R. 1995 Maintaining Ecological Integrity in Representative Reserve Networks World Wildlife Fund Canada

Palmer, Martin 1988 Genesis or Nemesis - Belief, Meaning and Ecology Dryad Press, London

Parks Canada 1978 Resource Management Analysis - Point Pelee National Park - Proposals and Summary Parks Canada

Parks Canada 1987 National Parks Management Planning Process Manual Parks Canada

Parks Canada 1991 Park Conservation Plan - Point Pelee National Park Environment Canada, Parks Service

Parks Canada 1994 Parks Canada Guiding Principles and Operational Policies Ministry of Supply and Services, Canada

Parks Canada 1995a Forillon National Park Management Plan Canadian Heritage

Parks Canada 1995b Point Pelee National Park Management Plan Parks Canada, Canadian Heritage

Parks Canada 1998 Backcountry Proposal for Gwaii Haanas National Park http://fas.sfu.ca/parkscan/gwaii/ [April 1998]

Paterson, J. 1997 An Introduction to Luhmann Theory, Culture and Society 14(1): 37-39

Pattee, H. H. 1987 Instabilities and Information in Biological Self-Organization in Self-Organizing Systems, F. E. Yates, ed., Plenum Press

Patten, B. C., S. E. Jorgensen, and S. I. Auerbach 1996 Complex Ecology: The Part-Whole Relation in Ecosystems Prentice Hall

Patton, C. V. and D. S. Sawicki 1993 Basic Methods of Policy Analysis and Planning Prentice Hall

Pezzey, John 1992 Sustainability: An Interdisciplinary Guide Environmental Values 1(1992): 321-362

Polkinghorne, John 1996 Beyond Science: The wider human context Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Prigogine, I. and I. Stengers 1984 Order Out of Chaos: Man's New Dialogue with Nature Bantam Books

Random House 1991 Random House Webster's College Dictionary Random House

Rapport, D. J. 1989 Symptoms of pathology in the Gulf of Bothnia (Baltic Sea): ecosystem response to stress from human activities in Evolution, Ecology and Environmental Stress, P. Calow and R. J. Berry, eds.

Regier, H. A. and J. J. Kay 1996 An heuristic model of transformations of aquatic ecosystems of the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Basin Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 5: 3-21

Resnikoff, H. L. 1988 The Illusion of Reality Springer-Verlag

Richmond, J. E. D. 1995 Introducing Philosophical Theories to Urban Transportation Planning in Planning Ethics: A Reader in Planning Theory, Practice and Education, S. Hendler, ed., Center for Urban Policy Research

Robb, Fenton F. 1992 Autopoiesis and supra-human systems International Journal of General Systems 21(2): 197-206

Robb, F. 1993 Suprahuman Systems and Management: Steering in Jeopardy? in Systems Science, A. Stowell, D. West, and J. G. Howell, eds., Plenum Press

Robinson, J. B., G. Francis, R. Legge and S. Lerner 1990 Defining a Sustainable Society: Values, Principles and Definitions Alternatives 17(2): 36-46

Roe, P. H., G. N. Soulis, and V.K. Handa 1992 The Discipline of Design University of Waterloo (Reprint, orig 1967)

Roszell, Jane 1996 Planning and Managing Natural and Cultural Resources: A Parks Canada Perspective Environments 24(1): 26-34

Roth, G. and H. Schwegler, eds. 1981 Self-organizing Systems: An Interdisciplinary Approach Campus Verlag, Frankfurt

Ryder, R. A. 1990 Ecosystem Health, A Human Perception: Definition, Detection and the Dichotomous Key Journal of Great Lakes Research 16(4): 619-624

Sager, Tore 1995 Teaching Planning Theory as Order or Fragments? (Symposium) Journal of Planning Education and Research 14: 166-73

Salthe, Stanley N. 1989 Self-organization of/in Hierarchically Structured Systems Systems Research 6(3): 199-208

Sax, J. L. 1994 A Rain of Troubles: the need for a new perspective on park protection

Schnaiberg, Allan 1990 The Political Economy of Environmental Problems and Policies: Consciousness, Conservation Northwestern University [Mimeo]

Schneider, E. D. and J. J. Kay 1994 Complexity and Thermodynamics: Towards a new ecology Futures 26(6): 626-247

Schrader-Frechette, K. S. 1994 Science, environmental risk assessment, and the frame problem BioScience 44(8): 548-551

Scott, A. M. and S. T. Roweis 1977 Urban planning in theory and practice: a reappraisal Environment and Planning A 9: 1097-119

Senge, P. M. 1990 The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization Doubleday

Shaw, M. E. 1981 Group Dynamics: The psychology of small group behavior McGraw-Hill, New York

Simon, Herbert 1996 The Sciences of the Artificial MIT Press, Cambridge (3rd ed.)

Skibicki, A., A. Stadel, D. Welch and J. G. Nelson 1994 Ecological Monitoring and National Parks Heritage Resources Centre, University of Waterloo Working Paper #7

Skinner, B. F. 1977 Upon further reflection Prentice-Hall

Slocombe, D. Scott 1993 Implementing Ecosystem-based Management: Development of theory, practice, and research for planning and managing a region BioScience 43(9): 612-622

Slocombe, D. Scott 1995 Integrating Park and Regional Planning Through an Ecosystem Approach in Conservation of Biodiversity and the New Regional Planning, R. E. Saunier and R. A. Meganack, eds. IUCN

Smith, D. M. 1986 The Practice of Silviculture John Wiley and Sons (8th edition)

Smith, Ronald E. 1993 Psychology West Publishing, St. Paul

Spencer, M. 1993 Foundations of Modern Sociology (6th edition) Prentice Hall Canada

Stacey, Ralph D. 1995 The Science of Complexity: An Alternative Perspective for Strategic Change Processes Strategic Management Journal 16: 477-495

Stowell, A., D. West, and J. G. Howell, eds. 1993 Systems Science: Addressing Global Issues Plenum Press

Susskind, L. and S. McCreary 1985 Techniques for Resolving Coastal Resource Management Disputes Through Negotiation American Planning Association Journal 51: 365-374

Suter II, G. W. 1993 A Critique of Ecosystem Health Concepts and Indexes Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 12: 1533-1539

Swenson, Rod 1989 Emergent Attractors and the Law of Maximum Entropy Production: Foundations to a Theory of General Evolution Systems Research 6(3): 187-197

Tepperman, L. and R. J. Richardson 1991 The Social World: An Introduction to Sociology McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd.

Teubner, G. L. Farmer and D. Murphy, eds. 1994 Environmental Law and Ecological Responsibility: The Concept and Practice of Ecological Self-Organization John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester

Theberge, J. B. 1993 Ecology, Conservation, and Protected Areas in Canada in Parks and Protected Areas in Canada, Dearden and Rollins, eds., Oxford University Press

Thompson, B. 1989 The Place of Qualitative Research in Contemporary Social Science: The Importance of Post-Paradigmatic Thought Advances in Social Science Methodology Vol. 1

Throgmorton, James A. 1993 Planning as a Rhetorical Activity: Survey Research as a Trope in Arguments About Electric Power Planning in Chicago Journal of the American Planning Association 59(3): 334-346

Varela, F., H. Maturana, and R. Uribe 1974 Autopoiesis: The organization of living systems, its characterization and a model Biosystems 5(4): 187-196

Varela, Francisco J. 1981 Autonomy and Autopoiesis in Self-organizing Systems: An Interdisciplinary Approach, G. Roth and H. Schwegler, eds., Campus Verlag, Frankfurt

Various 1993 Planners, Heal Thyselves Journal of the American Planning Association 59(2): 140-151

Various 1995 Teaching Planning Theory Symposium Journal of Planning Education and Research 14: 155-89

Wachs, M. 1995 Foreword in Planning Ethics: A Reader in Planning Theory, Practice and Education, S. Hendler, ed., Center for Urban Policy Research

Waldrop, Mitchell 1992 Complexity: The Emerging Science at the Edge of Order and Chaos Simon and Schuster

Walters 1986 Adaptive Management of Renewable Resources MacMillan

WCED (World Commission on Environment and Resources) 1987 Our Common Future Oxford University Press, Oxford

Weinberg, Gerald M. 1975 An Introduction to General Systems Thinking John Wiley and Sons

Wells, M. P. and K. E. Brandon 1993 The Principles and Practice of Buffer Zones and Local Participation in Biodiversity Conservation Ambio 22(2-3): 157-162

Wenz, Peter S. 1988 Environmental Justice State University of New York Press, Albany

Westley, F. 1995 Governing Design: The Management of Social Systems and Ecosystems Management in Barriers and Bridges to the Renewal of Ecosystems and Institutions Gunderson, L. H., C. S. Holling and S. S. Light, eds., Columbia University Press

Whitaker, N. 1996 Pursuing Effectiveness and Personal Success in the Next Era in Planners on Planning, B. W. McClendon and A. J. Catanese, eds.

Wicklum, D. and R. W. Davies 1995 Ecosystem health and integrity? Canadian Journal of Botany 73: 997-1000

Wilder, R. J. 1993 Is This Holistic Ecology of Just Muddling Through? - the Theory and Practice of Marine Policy Coastal Management 21(3): 209-224

Williams, R. 1980 Ideas of Nature in Problems in Materialism and Culture, R. Williams London: Verso

Wilson, E. O. 1980 Sociobiology Belknap Press, Cambridge

Wolfe, J. M. 1989 Theory, hypothesis, explanation and action: the example of urban planning in Remaking Human Geography, A. Kobayashi and S. Mackenzie, eds., Unwin Hyman

Wood, P. M. 1994 The Priority of Biological Diversity Conservation in Forest Land Use Decision-Making Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia

Woodley, S. 1995 A Scheme for Ecological Monitoring in National Parks and Protected Areas Environments 23(3): 50-73

Wynne, B. 1992 Uncertainty and environmental learning: reconceiving science and policy in the preventive paradigm Global Environmental Change 2(2): 111-127

Yanow, Dvora 1996 How Does a Policy Mean? Interpreting Policy and Organizational Actions Georgetown University Press

Yates, F. E., ed. 1987 Self-Organizing Systems: The Emergence of Order Plenum Press

Young, O. R. 1996 Rights, Rules, and Resources in International Society in Rights to Nature, S.S. Hanna, C. Folke, K-G. Maler, eds., Island Press

Zeleny, M. 1977 Self-Organization of Living Systems: A Formal Model of Autopoiesis International Journal of General Systems 4: 13-28

Zeleny, M., ed. 1980 Autopoiesis, dissipative structures, and spontaneous social orders Westview Press, Boulder